Science

Moustapha Sep 27, 2022, 9:34 PM Oct 10, 2022, 8:15 PM
women give bith don't clean their babies nen born with their mouths
Read More
Mr Morgan Sep 26, 2022, 2:06 AM Sep 26, 2022, 2:06 AM
The giant mushroom is 3.5 miles large
Read More
Mr Morgan Sep 26, 2022, 2:04 AM Sep 26, 2022, 2:04 AM
Group of an FLIES are given a specific name called BUSINESS.
Read More
Mr Morgan Sep 26, 2022, 1:59 AM Sep 26, 2022, 1:59 AM
Giraffe’s sleep’s in a very funny way or manner
Read More
Godsonuk Sep 19, 2022, 10:37 PM Sep 19, 2022, 10:37 PM
Causes of soil erosion in Nigeria/west Africa are mentioned below they causes soil erosion.
Read More
Abdulaziz Issa Sep 18, 2022, 9:59 PM Oct 11, 2022, 7:40 AM
Plants have developed very sophisticated mechanisms to recognize a foreign organism and defend itself from it. Plants have several preformed physical barrier (e.g., wax layer, trichomes) and chemical (toxins), to prevent the attack from disease causing organism. In case of bio-trophic pathogen, in addition to physical barrier, plants activate a multilayered innate immune system to protect themselves against pathogen attack. The plant immunity response typically consists of two stages: pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) (Jones and Dangl, 2006). The first layer of plant’s innate immunity is called PAMP or MAMP or NAM-triggered immunity which is activated following the detection of non self epitopes by extracellular pattern recognition receptors known as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). PAMPs include molecules which are parts of molecules accidently released by an invading pathogen or present as a structural component at the pathogen’s surface such as lipopolysaccharide and chitin, the cell wall components of bacteria and fungi, as well as bacterial flagellin or virus-derived double-stranded RNA (Nurnberger, et al., 2004, Boller and Felix, 2009). These immune receptors (PRRs) are transmem-brane proteins located at the cell surface. They typically consist of an extracellular leucine-rich-repeat, a trans-membrane domain, and a cytoplasmic kinase domain (Monaghan and Zipfel, 2012). Binding of these immune receptors to PAMPs induce PAMP triggered immunity (PTI) by triggering signaling cascades that initiate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), production of antimicrobial compounds, altered ion fluxes, an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, expression of pathogenesis related (defense) genes, protein phosphorylation, changes in protein–protein interactions and localized callose deposition cell walls (Zipfel, 2009).
Read More
Abdulaziz Issa Sep 18, 2022, 9:58 PM Sep 18, 2022, 9:58 PM
The life cycle of plant-parasitic root-knot nematodes consists of two phases: the pre-parasitic and parasitic phase. Pre-parasitic phase, root-knot nematodes...
Read More
Mr Morgan Sep 12, 2022, 4:44 AM Sep 12, 2022, 4:44 AM
This is all about illusions
Read More
Caleb Okechukwu Sep 8, 2022, 6:05 AM Sep 8, 2022, 6:05 AM
An amazing experience research
Read More
Mr Morgan Sep 1, 2022, 9:36 PM Sep 1, 2022, 9:36 PM
These Bones of the upper limb are very unique and inevitably functional.
Read More
Popular Articles
Aug 10, 2024, 6:36 AM Ian J
Jun 10, 2024, 4:57 AM Ian J
Aug 4, 2024, 9:01 AM Ian J
May 17, 2024, 7:59 AM Ian J